The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1649, involving bloody battles between the Royalists, who were primarily aristocratic landowners, and the Parliamentarians, who mainly consisted of the middle class. The differences in appearance, ways of life, and ideologies led to the distinct division between the two factions.
The Civil War and the Commonwealth Summary
The Parliamentarian army gained strength due to its composition of professional soldiers and better-equipped cavalry. Oliver Cromwell, a committed Puritan and military commander of the Parliamentarian army, played a significant role in leading the forces to victory, training the soldiers through discipline and collective prayer.
The Commonwealth History
The capture and trial of Charles I by the "Rump" Parliament led to his condemnation for treason and subsequent execution in 1649. The Rump Parliament then abolished the monarchy and declared the establishment of the Commonwealth, effectively creating a republic.
Oliver Cromwell's Reign
Cromwell's military campaign in Ireland resulted in severe repression, including the massacre of citizens in Drogheda. Further victories saw the defeat of the Scottish Royalists, leading to the crowning of Charles II. Cromwell assumed the title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland before dividing the country into 11 military regions.
The Restoration of the Monarchy
Following Cromwell's death in 1658, his son Richard briefly took over as the head of state before the protectorate was dissolved. In 1660, Charles II was invited to return from France, effectively restoring the monarchy.
In conclusion, the English Civil War and the Commonwealth period saw significant political and social upheaval, leading to the establishment of a republic and eventually the restoration of the monarchy with the return of Charles II.
For further information, here is a PDF on the Civil War and the Commonwealth for in-depth details on the historical events.
