Technological Progress and Foreign Policy

The mid-19th century saw a second wave of industrialization in England, bringing about substantial economic, cultural, and architectural changes. This period of technological advancement coincided with political stability in Britain, contrasting with the revolutionary upheavals experienced across much of Europe in 1848.

A defining moment of this era was the Great Exhibition of 1851, organized by Prince Albert. This event showcased Britain's industrial and economic might to the world, featuring over 15,000 exhibitors from various countries. The exhibition was housed in the Crystal Palace, an architectural marvel constructed of glass and steel, designed by Sir Joseph Paxton.

Highlight: The Crystal Palace, erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition, symbolized Britain's technological prowess and innovative spirit during the Victorian era.

Technological progress continued with the commencement of the London Underground's construction in 1860, revolutionizing urban transportation. The expansion of railways across the country transformed both the landscape and people's lives, facilitating easier travel and trade.

In terms of foreign policy, the mid-19th century was marked by several significant events:

1. The Opium Wars (1839-42; 1856-60) against China, which resulted in Britain gaining access to Chinese ports and control of Hong Kong.

2. The Indian Mutiny of 1857, leading to changes in the administration of British India.

3. British support for liberal causes abroad, such as Italian independence from Austria.

4. The Crimean War (1853-56), fought to check Russian expansion against the Ottoman Empire.

Example: The Crimean War was notable as the first conflict extensively reported by journalists on the ground, changing how wars were perceived by the public.

Vocabulary: Enfranchise - To give someone the right to vote in political elections.

The political landscape in Britain evolved during this period, with the formation of two major parties:

1. The Liberal Party, comprising former Whigs, some Radicals, and businessmen, led by William Gladstone.

2. The Conservative Party, evolving from the Tories, led by Benjamin Disraeli.

Quote: "The Liberal Party included the former Whigs, some Radicals and a large minority of businessmen; the party was led by William Gladstone (1809-98)."

Benjamin Disraeli's government (1868; 1874-80) implemented several important reforms:

1. The Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act (1875), allowing local authorities to clear slums and provide housing for the poor.

2. The Public Health Act (1875), which improved sanitation and public health measures.

These reforms reflected the ongoing efforts to address social issues and improve living conditions for the working class during the Victorian era.

Definition: The Victorian compromise refers to the balance struck between traditional values and progressive reforms during the Victorian era, attempting to reconcile social change with established norms.