Page 4: Nucleic Acids and Advanced Protein Structure

This final section covers nucleic acid structure and advanced protein conformations, including tertiary and quaternary structures.

Definition: Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Example: DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases, while RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

Highlight: Protein denaturation can alter the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Vocabulary: Quaternary structure - the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in complex proteins.

Page 1: Carbohydrates - The First Biomolecule Group

The first chapter explores the fundamental structure and classification of carboidrati. Carbohydrates are categorized based on their complexity and size, from simple monosaccharides to complex polysaccharides.

Definition: Monosaccharides are simple sugars produced by autotrophs through photosynthesis, containing 3-7 carbon atoms.

Example: Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common monosaccharides with different structural arrangements.

Highlight: Polysaccharides serve dual functions: energy storage (starch, glycogen) and structural support (cellulose).

Vocabulary: Glycosidic bonds - chemical bonds that join monosaccharides to form more complex carbohydrates.