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inspire the poor to try to improve their own conditions. The workhouses were organized by the Church. Chartism In 1838, People's Charter demanded universal manhood suffrage, a secret hallot, and other reform of the electoral system. The movement failed, but in 1864 with the second Reform act, men of working class in England and Wales got the vote, and in 1872, the Ballot Act introduced the secret ballot. The Trish Potato Famine Ireland, whose agriculture depended on potatoes, experienced atemible famine, during which a lot of people died and many enigrated, mostly to America, in search of a better life. Technological Progress There was a second wave of industrialisation which broughteconomic, cultural and architectural change. In 1860 began the building of London Underground and railways started to transform the landscape and people's lives. Prince Albert organised the first EXPO of the history, called " The Great lihibition". Foreign Policy In the mind- 19th Century England was involved in 2 Opium (Wars against China. England gained access to 15 Chines ports and control of Hong Kong. The most Lucrative colony of the British Empire was India. Britain also supported some liberal causes like Indian indipendence from the Austrians. The Liberal and the Conservatives parties In 1861, the political panorama was changing, when Prince Albert tragically died from typhoid, Queen Victoria spent the next ten years in mourning. The Liberal party, which had evolved from the Whigs, was led by William Gladstone. The Conservative party, which had evolved from the Tories, reaffirmed its position under the leadership of Benjamin Disraeli. Benjamin Disraeli He became Prime Minister 2 twice. His government passed: an Artisans and Laboures' Duellings Act, which gave the comments councils the right to buy up the slum areas and demolish then Public Health Act, which provided sanitation as well as running water, and au Factory Act, which limited the working hours for week. He encouraged the purchase of more spaces in the Sver Canal Company to protect Britain's route to the Fast William Gladstone He was Prime Minister four times. At the first time, reforming legislation focused on education. By 1880 elementary education had become compulsory. The most important reforms were the Trade Union Act and the Ballot Act. The Third Reform Act, of 1884, extended roting to all male householders. In this period Ireland demanded indipendence. The Anglo-Boer wars In South Africa, the British controlled 2 colonies Cape Colony and Natale and Duch settlers 2 republics of the Transval and The Orange Free State. When Britain took over Transual, the war broke out. The Boer Wars ended in. 1900 with a British Victory. Empress of India In 1877 Queen Victoria was given a new litte, Empress of India. The Empire was becoming more difficult to control, was an area of 4 million people and more than 400 million squares miles. The British felt a sense of duty. to civilize the Indians having to impose their rules to them. The end of on ere. The Victorian Age came to an end, with the death of Queen Victoria, in 1901 The Victorian Compromise A complex Age The Victorian Age is a period full of changes and therefore of contradictions, it is therefore called the Victorian Compromise. It was an age in which progress, reform and political stability coexisted with poverty and injustice. Modomity was evalted but there was a revival of Gothic and Classicism in art Religion played an important role in people's lives, in particular, Evangelism. Philanthropy led to the development of society. The Victorians believed in God but also in progress and science. Respectability There was more emphasis on education, and hygiene to improve health care. There was a peneral agreement on wat what virtue was. However, respectability was a mixture of morality and hypocrisy The bad sides of society (dissolution, poverty, social unrest) were hidden under external respectability. There was growing emphasis on the duty of men to respect and protect womn seen at the same time as physically weaker but morally superior, divine guides and inspires of men. Serwvality was generally repressed in its public and private forms. The Victorian Novel Readers and writers The Victorian Agesaus people from different social levels become interested in literative Circulating libraries were a success. The readers identified with the Victorian people. The publishing world Most literature was pubblished in a serial form. Therefore, the writers had to keep the level of interest high. Thanks to the reception given by the readers, the writer knew what to write. The Victorians interest improse The novel became an important part of Victorian literature. The novels were realistics and analytical because of the interest in sciene, humanitarian because of the interest in social issues, and the moral interest made it inquisitive. The novelist's aim In the 18th we had a hero and a social outcast. Novelists felt they had responsability towards the readers. They described social changes. The novelists of the first Victorian period wrote about the society they saw, excluding immoral contents. They were aware of the evils of society but did not concentrate on this Victorian Novels were also used to correct and teach the pubblic (didadism). The narrature technique The omniscent narrator separated "right" and "wrong". Retribuition and punishment were present in the final chapter of the novel, here also events were explained and justified. Setting and characters Most novels were set in the city, which was the main symbol of the industrial civilisation. The characters were realistics. - - Trees of novels THE NOVEL OF MANNERS -D concentrated on economic and social problems within a specific class or situation THE HUMANITARIAN NOVEL ▸ expressed request for social reform, using an amusing tone THE NOVEL OF FORMATION → were about the character's development rather than on social interaction LITERARY NONSENSE DWhere there are no social rules or limits, like in Alice's Adventure in Wonderland Women writers A great number of noves were written by woman such as Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and George Eliot (the pen name of Hary Anny Evans). It was not easy to get published and some women used a male pseudonym in order to print their works. This is surprising considering the state of subjection of Vidonan Women. It is less surprising if one remembers that the majority of novelebogy movehabowy novel buyers and readers were woman. The realistic nove! The late Victorian novel mirrored a society linked to a growing crisis in the moral and religious fields. Darwin's evolution theory influenced the structure and the organisation on the realistic novel, which started to follow an evolutionist pattern. The psycological novel Stevenson't tried to capture the monstrous, illopical aspects of life and described the double nature of Victorian society. He wrote the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and My Hyde Colonial Literature Phipling, in the poom The White Han's Burder, exalted the British imperial power, and he legitimised the belief that it was the task of the whilemon, and in particular of the British, to carry civilisation and progress to the savages. O