The Rise of Absolute Power

Louis XIV's ascension to complete power marked a pivotal moment in French history. Following Cardinal Mazarin's death in 1661, he took unprecedented steps by assuming direct control without appointing a new prime minister. His reign focused on strengthening monarchical power through loyal advisors and territorial expansion.

Highlight: The king's colonial ambitions led to significant French expansion in Canada and military victories in Flanders, securing 12 cities including Lille.

Definition: Absolute monarchy - A form of government where the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, unrestrained by laws, legislature, or customs.

Example: The construction of extensive fortifications by military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre (Marquis de Vauban) demonstrated the strategic emphasis on defending new territories.

Quote: "Luigi XIV diventa un sovrano assoluto e il suo potere, che egli riteneva spettasse per diritto divino, non ha limiti né controlli esterni."

The Nine Years' War and Timeline

The conflict known as the Nine Years' War (1688-1697) demonstrated both France's military might and its limitations. Despite battlefield successes, the enormous costs of warfare eventually forced France to seek peace through the Treaty of Rijswijk.

Highlight: The Duke of Savoy's shifting alliances exemplified the complex diplomatic landscape, initially opposing France before being forced to ally with them in 1696.

Timeline: Key dates include:

• 1643: Louis XIV becomes king
• 1661: Assumes direct power after Mazarin's death
• 1682: Court moves to Versailles
• 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau
• 1688-1697: Nine Years' War
• 1715: Death of Louis XIV