The Puritan Age and the English Civil War
The roots of the English Civil War can be traced to the reign of Charles I, who believed in absolute monarchy. His refusal to work with Parliament led to growing tensions, culminating in the outbreak of war in 1642.
Highlight: Charles I's belief in absolute power and his dismissal of Parliament for 11 years were major factors leading to the Civil War.
The conflict between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists (also known as Cavaliers) ended with Charles I's execution in 1649. This event marked a significant shift in English governance.
Vocabulary: Cavaliers - The supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, also known as Royalists.
Oliver Cromwell emerged as a prominent figure during this period, eventually becoming Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. Under his rule, England became a republic for the first time, though it functioned more like a dictatorship.
Example: During the Commonwealth, Cromwell suppressed many forms of public entertainment, reflecting the austere Puritan beliefs.
The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with Charles II brought about significant changes. Known as the "Merry Monarch," Charles II reopened theaters and public entertainment venues, marking a stark contrast to the Puritan era.
Definition: The Restoration - The period when the monarchy was restored in England in 1660, ending the Puritan-dominated Commonwealth.
The Restoration and the Augustan Age
The Restoration period saw continued religious tensions between Anglicans, Catholics, and dissenters. Some groups, refusing to accept the Church of England, emigrated to America to establish Puritan communities.
James II's attempt to re-establish Catholicism led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William of Orange was invited to take the throne, resulting in significant constitutional changes.
Quote: "This defeat of James is known as the glorious revolution because were introduced dome changes without bloodshed, contained in the bill of rights which limited the power of the king and introducing religious tolerance."
The late 17th century saw the rise of two major political parties: the Tories, supported by the aristocracy, and the Whigs, representing the middle class.
Literary Context of the Augustan Age
The founding of the Royal Society in 1660 had a profound impact on English culture and language. This period, also known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment, saw a flourishing of arts and literature.
Highlight: London became a major center of literature between 1616 and 1780, with writers, journalists, and novelists gathering in theaters, clubs, and coffee houses.
The first coffee house in London opened in 1652, becoming an important venue for the exchange of ideas and intellectual discourse. This era marked the beginning of what would become known as the Augustan Age in English literature.
Example: The Royal Society aimed to expand knowledge for public benefit and worked to bring clarity to the English language, reflecting the era's emphasis on reason and enlightenment.
