The English language offers various conditional structures and tenses that allow speakers to express different scenarios, possibilities, and past events. This guide explores key grammatical concepts including conditional sentences, past perfect tense, passive voice, and reported speech.

First conditional sentences are used for highly probable events in the present or future. They combine a present simple clause with a future tense clause, often using "will." For example, "If I have time, I'll write a letter tonight."

The second conditional expresses less likely hypothetical situations, using the past simple tense in the if-clause and "would" in the main clause. An example is "If I had more money, I would buy it."

Third conditional sentences refer to impossible past situations and their imagined results, using past perfect in the if-clause and "would have" in the main clause. For instance, "If I had known his number, I would have called him."

The guide also covers the past perfect simple tense, used to describe actions completed before a point in the past, and the "have something done" structure for actions performed by others on one's behalf.

Passive voice constructions are explained across various tenses, emphasizing their use when the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.

Finally, the document details reported speech rules, including tense changes and the use of reporting verbs to convey what others have said indirectly.